Management Dissertations - Organisational Misbehavior - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3054 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Critically evaluate the argument that organisational misbehavior is a normal feature of organisational life Introduction The notion of organisational misbehavior can be interpreted in a lot of ways based on different perspectives, different people, shifting situations, and by the changing level of awareness and understanding on the life of an organisation. There is a primary purpose of organisations in the context of fulfilling certain individual goals. Northcraft and Neale (1990, p.5) say that people come together and form organisations because organisations can accomplish things that are beyond the reach of individuals. They come together to accomplish what each individual cannot accomplish alone. The meaning of behavior in organisations according to Northcraft and Neale revolve around managing behavior to take advantage of the performance benefits of groups over individuals. This is where the concept of a good behavior and misbehavior takes shape. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management Dissertations Organisational Misbehavior" essay for you Create order Organisational Behavior Organisational behavior is a multidisciplinary definition that illustrates a number of points (Gibson et al, 2000). Some of these points relate directly to the conduct of the organisation in society. First, it indicates that the behavior of people operate at individual, group, or organisational level. This suggests that when trying to study the organisational misbehavior in the perspective of being a normal part of organisational life, it must identify clearly the levels of analysis individual, group, and the organisation being used. Second, theres a distinctively humanistic orientation within the organisation behavior. Peoples attitudes, perceptions, learning capabilities, and objectives are important to the organisation. They provide the rich mixture for their organisations culture and strategies to evolve and prosper. Thirdly, the external environment is seen as having significant impact on the organisational behavior. Finally, theres also the application orientation which concer ns providing useful answers to questions that arise in the context of managing the organisation. Misbehavior is often interpreted to mean bad behavior or a deviation from the normal norms and ethics expected of individuals and organisations. To say that organisational behavior also involves other certain kinds of misbehavior still descends to the fact that any type of behavior can be either good or bad depending on the context that it is applied to in real life situations. When this type of behavior exists and eventually prevails in any organisational setup, it would likely grow into a certain stature of normalcy and seep into conventional wisdom. In order to understand why this argument seems to make sense in the framework of an organisations life, it is important to first identify the different compositions of an organisation, its objectives, culture, structure, and strategies. The complexities associated with these compositions have made it virtually impossible to model and envision a perfect organisation. Organisations have had some bouts with internal and external conflicts in one way or another. Some have mastered the arts of deception and impropriety. It is unrealistic to say that organisational misbehavior is not part of organisational life either. People in the organisation may misbehave and some people may blame the entire organisation. Others may blame specific people (especially managers) when the real shortcoming came from the organisations policies. Other groups within the organisation or network may deviate from agreements and norms. The organisational culture may not also be up to the times and the current business strategies may not sit well with government regulation policies and industry norms. If these things do happen (and they happen a lot), it is not viable and healthy to draw the line between laying out unspoken rules in classifying organisational behavior to be good and a bad. People and Human Behavior People make up the internal social system of the organisation (Newstrom and Davis, 1997). This system consists of individuals and groups, and large groups as well as small ones. People are the living, thinking, and feeling beings who work in the organisation to achieve their objectives. An organisational structure is filled up with people who decide and deliver the goods for the organisation. Diversity presents a lot of challenges for management to handle. When people become members of an organisation whether in official, unofficial or informal capacity, they bring with them different educational background, talents, interests, and behavior that they eventually contribute for the success or failure of the organisation. The relationship among individuals and groups in an organisation create expectations for an individuals behavior (Gibson et al, 2000, p. 7). An individual can be presented here as the organisation itself. These expectations result in certain leadership and follower rol es that must be performed so that there will be some kind of order and system. Collective expectations can either conform or not to standard behavior. Collective misuse of resources interests, talents, expertise, and management strategies can constitute organisation misbehavior. Punch (1996, p.1) views these misconduct as harmful to the viability of the organisation and constitutes deviance by the organisation. To put it more bluntly, organisational misbehavior eventually boils down to the issue of profits and how it should be maximized. Money has always been a central issue in any organisation and it has often been used to measure the survivability of a business. Organisational goals always take into their mainstream policy the issue of financial and economic stability and prosperity. Punch (1996, p.214) strongly suggested that formal goals of the organisation thus constitute a front for the real goals of management which is to provide a money machine for its owners and other insiders. If it is already common and normal for criminals to use any tool or weapon to perpetuate a crime, it would also seem normal for organisations to use the organisation itself to obtain money from victims of its misbehavior. The victims may actually be the customers or the members themselves. It is a prime example of what is called the organisational weapon the organisation is for white-collar criminals as the gun or knife is for the common criminals (Wheeler and Rothman, 1982, cited in Punch, 1996). In short, an organisation is set up for the primary purpose of making a substantial amount of money in the form of a profit and improving the quality of life for the individual members of the organisation. Organisations have systems of authority, status, and power, and people in organisations have varying needs for each system. People need money and a sense of fulfillment. People also need power to impose their will to others. People want to attain a certain level of success as measured by their status and standing in the organisation. Taken as a whole, organisations follow certain types of ethical behavior and standards defined along its objectives and future goals. It is also believed that adherence to moral standards on the job can have positive outcomes on the organisation and society by promoting strong ethical behavior in any aspects of life (Mares, 2005). This strong behavior of one organisation can be used as a strong issue against another organisation which is considered to be misbehaving just because it was not able to adhere to certain moral standards previously attained. Organisational Structure An organisational structure defines the formal relationship and use of people in organisations. According to Newstrom and Devis (1997), different jobs are required to accomplish all of an organisations activities. There are managers, employees, accountants, assemblers, and others who have to be related in some structural way so that their work can be effectively coordinated. How is the structure of the organisation related to the conduct of an organisation? According to Thompson (1997, p.588), structure is the means by which the organisation seeks to achieve its strategic objectives and implement strategies and strategic changes. Assuming that these strategies and changes are concerned with relating the organisations resources to its goals, will these resources be used in the proper way acceptable to all in the society? If change is necessary, it is correct to point out that resistance to change can constitute another concept of misbehavior. People confronting changes in their working environments often exhibit dysfunctional behaviors like aggression, projection, and avoidance (Hirschheim, 1995 p. 160). These types of behavioral patterns affect the overall behavior of the organisation. Another thing to consider in the organisational structure is the way decision making is delegated and observed. Thompson described the extent by which a decentralized and centralized setup of management decision making is vital in adapting to strategic change. In a centralized setup, organisational misbehavior is usually highlighted at the top management level because only a handful of people are empowered to do the decision making. A decentralized setup allows decisions to be made by most people who must implement change and usually allows the organisation a more collective approach to making decisions based on what is morally and ethically correct. This statement however, does not imply that a decentralized structure eliminates instances of misbehavior. It only lessens the probability. On the other hand, a decentralized setup could empower smaller groups within the organisation to abuse their power and open the possibility of misbehavior on a smaller scale. According to Tsahuridu, specialization and division of work that occurs in organizations may make people in organizations unable to see the illegality and immorality of certain actions. Each action is a part of a chain of actions, and even though each individual act may be legitimate and moral, all the actions linked together may constitute an illegal or immoral activity, which each individual participant may be ignorant of. Organisational Objectives and Culture Organisations must have objectives in order to exist. Objectives are always centered on what is basically good for the organisation, whether the resulting action or consequences is bad. How is organisational objectives tied to organisational behavior? Profit and growth are means to other ends rather than objectives in themselves (Acoff, 1986, cited in Thompson, 1997). There is then a question of whether profit is the ultimate objective of profit seeking business organisations or whether it is merely a means to other ends, which themselves constitute the real objectives (Thompson, 1997, p.153). Organisational behavior can be better understood by assuming whether the real goal of the organisation is to maximize profit or to provide them with a good quality of life and better standard of living. Harris and Hartman (2002, p. 75) said that an organisations culture consists of the values, norms, and attitudes of the people who make up the organisation. Values show what is important; norms reveal expected behavior; attitudes show the mind-set of individuals. Organisational culture therefore tells people what is important in the organisation, how to behave, and how to see things. Culture is a part of organisational life that influences the behavior, attitudes, and overall effectiveness of members (Gibson et al, 2000). Managers are usually in the forefront of formulating organisational strategies and policies. Johnson and Scholes (1997, p.79-80) argued that in formulating policies, managers should regard experience (good or bad) as constraints on developments. They say that in order to develop the organisation to cope with todays changing environments, they need to challenge the people around them and experiment with their different ideas and conflicting views in a pluralistic approach. The job of top management therefore is to create this sort of organisation by building teams that can work in such ways through the development of the everyday behavior and culture of the organisation. All of the issues related to the organisation in general have a tendency to influence and affect the behavior of the organisation. While it is safe to assume that the notion of misbehavior in the organisation tends to focus on the wrong or negative side of the organisation, it is preferred that misbehavior should be corrected and dealt with by focusing on how to manage and institute reforms in the different aspects of the organisation. This is a tall and complex order. Organisational behavior is not only influenced by the different factors previously mentioned. Management policies have a tendency to adapt to changing situations in their environments. Some organisations strategies may take advantage of weak government policies and regulations and find loopholes with which they can misbehave without being noticed. Other organisations strategies tend to focus on covering up unethical practices with good and convincing arguments that their actions go against standard practices but at th e same time, benefit a large segment of society. Punch (1996, p.1) described the behavior of todays organisations as problematic and worrying. He reasons out that different kinds of organisational misbehavior are often caused by managers lending themselves to deviant activities and the inability of government, business, and regulatory agencies to control effectively such misbehavior. He explains that this was largely because the subjects of business crime and corporate deviance have been sadly neglected by criminologists and crime-fighting bodies in favor of other areas such as street crimes, low-level law enforcement, and the prison system. Almost everyday, new types of organisation misbehavior are being uncovered and brought out into the open. As these corporate scandals and other forms of financial misconduct often perpetuated by top level management are exposed, more and more sophisticated strategies and techniques are slowly being uncovered. It is quite interesting to know that one kind of misbehavior can be linked to another form of misbehavior in another corporate partner within the network of organisations. Other sets of misbehavior can involve almost all levels of the organisational hierarchy. The realities faced by an organisation are different from others. Each organisation has an identity, an objective, a strategic plan, and differing sets of policies and regulations. Harris and Hartman (2002, p. 97) said this is because the underlying premise in the ideal culture is that the formal organisations norms and values are to be consistent with those of the various individuals and groups within the organisation. They say that the norms and values of individuals and groups of the organisation are hostile to formal organisational goals. This is especially true to members of top-level management and the rank and file members. Their hidden values may contradict the official policies of the organisation. Sometimes, the organisation may not value the potential contribution of its members. The need to create competitive advantage for profit and growth without the proper ethical system in place can lead to drastic steps and ethically questionable decisions and actions. Some members of the organisation may feel the need to make reforms while others may think taking radical steps will eventually spell success. Discontentment and trouble may brew over different signals and messages that the inner structure of the organisation send out to the outside world. It is therefore evident that culture can become very counterproductive and the basis of confidence, cooperation, and adherence to standard norms and behavior can be damaging to the overall behavior of the organisation. This is the start of the decay of organisational values and norms and provides a fertile ground for breeding misconduct and misbehavior in any front of the organisation. Conclusions Misbehavior is a normal part of an organisations life. It is not a question of whether it exists or not. It tends to become an issue when organisations tolerate and do nothing to correct these deviances from normal behavior and when organisations formulate policies that sheer away from ethical standards that govern them. Why is it that organisational misbehaviors tend to exist even in model companies and organisations recognized for their professional excellence? There are different ways of understanding organisational misbehavior in the context of whether it is normal or not in an organisational life. If we try to look closely at the term normal and misbehavior, there are two things which would come into mind. First, nothing is perfect and it is perfectly normal for people to commit mistakes, either willingly or unwillingly. People can always create rules and policies to counter certain misconduct. Organisations can always innovate and deviate from these rules in order to attain their goals. In these instances, there is no such thing as a perfect law governing businesses and there is also no such thing as a perfect business strategy. In normal instances, mistakes are part of the learning process. As this cycle continues today, organisational misbehavior has already come to the point where people have already considered it part and parcel of their everyday life. It is part of the reality of life that has something to do with existence and how mankind adapts to ongoing changes. The only thing that people consider to be an issue in organisation misbehavior is the level or degree of how it affects society. Second, in order to survive, some organisations have to take the risk, whether this will put them in the burner for good or elevate their status in the business community. These risks are normally present in their business strategies, structure, objectives, and culture. They can follow the business rules by the book and end up earning nothing or they may deviate from certain rules and norms and reap profits. Again, it is normal for organisations to take risks and reap the benefits. All of the characteristics of an organisation are linked to one another to form their own identity and behavior. People are in a social structure within the organisation and are empowered to make good or bad decisions. The structure of the organisation limits or expands the power to make decisions. Bibliography Books Gibson, James et al. (2000).Organizations: Behavior, Structure, Processes. 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, Manila. Harris, J and Hartman, S. (2002). Organizational Behavior. Haworth Press. New York. Hirschheim, R.A. (1995). Office Automation: A Social and Organizational Perspective. John Wiley. Oxford Johnson, Gerry and Scholes, Kevan. (1997). Exploring Corporate Strategy.Prentice Hall. UK Newstrom, John and Davis, Keith. (1997) Organizational Behavior: Human Behavior at Work. McGraw-Hill. Northcraft, Gregory and Neale, Margaret.(1990).Organizational Behavior:A Management Challenge. Dryden Press, Florida. Punch, Maurice. (1996). Dirty Business: Exploring Corporate Misconduct. SAGE Publications, London. Thompson, John (1997).Strategic Management: Awareness and Change. 3rd Edition.International Thompson Business Press.Boston Journal Article Mares, Micheal (2005), The Importance of Business Ethics,Retrieved last February 26, 2005 from https://www.webcpa.com Tsuahurido, Eva, Ethics and Integrity: What Australian Organizations Seek and Offer in Recruitment Advertisements,Retrieved: March 3, 2005 from https://www.pamij.com/7_4/v7n4_tsahuridu.html

Irony In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant - 854 Words

In George Orwell’s 1936 essay, â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†, Orwell thoroughly describes his position in Burma, India during a period of British imperialism. Though Orwell is a police officer working for the British, his mind varies in the feelings he has towards his position. Orwell feels ambivalence, as he thinks that his position is controversial because he despises imperialism, yet when trying to do his job and simultaneously please the Burmese, Orwell receives contempt from them. Orwell tries to convey his ambivalence and contradictory feelings by showing the extent to which he is abused in Burma using irony, by portraying the effects of his position on him using juxtaposition, and by showing his inner guilt regarding the Burmese using†¦show more content†¦The oxymoron allows the reader the gain an insight into how the actions of the Burmans are affecting Orwell and the reader is also able to see the growth of confusion in regards to Orwell’s feeling s. Orwell also starts to feel the effects of his position in Burma on himself. He feels as if he is â€Å"stuck between [his] hatred† and his â€Å"rage against the evil spirited little beasts who tried to make [his] job impossible† (277). This furthers shows the reader the inner conflict Orwell is having. The use of juxtaposition, in which Orwell works for an empire he hates, contradicts the idea and purpose of his job. The inner turmoil that Orwell is having is making an impact on him as he is constantly thinking about the consequence of imperialism on himself and his surroundings. Orwell’s creation of juxtaposition assists the reader in distinguishing the contrast in his feelings. The audience is able to clearly discern his torn opinion regarding his position. In paragraph 2, Orwell furthers his pessimistic attitude by describing the situation as â€Å"perplexing and upsetting†. Orwell uses this a tool to demonstrate to the reader that he is truly affe cted by the harassment from the Burmese, and it is adding to the abhorrence he has for both imperialism and Burma. Owell clearly portrays his guilt regarding the Burmese by illicitly describing the â€Å"wretched prisoners huddling in the stinkingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of George Orwells Shooting an Elephant Essay example1050 Words   |  5 PagesTechnique Analysis of ‘Shooting an elephant’ Written by George Orwell Essay by Arthur Diennet In 1936, George Orwell published his short story ‘Shooting an elephant’ in an English magazine. Since then, it has been republished dozens of times and holds a place as a definitive anti-colonial piece of literature, in an era where the British Empire was at its peak and covered almost 1/3 of the Earth’s surface. George Orwell believed that â€Å"†¦imperialism was an evil thing...† and uses much themesRead MoreEssay about Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell1527 Words   |  7 PagesShooting an Elephant by George Orwell Few supervisors experience lack of respect and denunciation from workers because of their positions in a company. Supervisors take actions to preserve the image of authority before subordinates and from being ridiculed by their workers, even if the supervisors object these types of actions. The essay Shooting an Elephant relates to this situation. The author of this essay is George Orwell. The author talks about his work and personal experience that emphasizesRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Shooting An Elephant1165 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s story ‘Shooting an Elephant’, insight is given into the life of an oppressor in the British Empire. Orwell, having undergone a significant personal experience, illustrates his experience of imperialism and the resounding effects is has on the ethical conduct and ideals of man, not only of the oppressed but also in regards of the oppressor. Orwell’s ‘Shooting an Elephant’ attempts to convey the s acrifice of one’s morality in service of imperialism. Through the spread of the BritishRead MoreShooting an Elephant840 Words   |  4 PagesDISCUSS ORWELLS USE OF PERSUASIVE TOOLS SUCH AS, SYMBOLISM, METAPHORS AND IRONY IN THIS ESSAY AND EXPLAIN HOW HE USES EACH OF THESE TO CONVEY HIS ARGUMENT OR MESSAGE In the extract, Shooting An Elephant Orwell conveys his message through the use of various persuasive tools. He wants the reader to identify when somebody assumes power. This technique is used to show that the powerful are also a captive to the will of people they control. Everyone involved in the situation becomes affected. InRead MoreGeorge Orwells Style of Writing Essay example1038 Words   |  5 PagesJust by a simple glance at George Orwells style of writing one can grasp a lot. He first starts the essay by discussing how the narrator was poorly treated in Lower Burma when serving as a police officer. More specifically the narrator states, I was hated by large numbers of people,, and anti-European feeling was very bitter. From there one could interpret that although he was a British soldier with much power he was baited whenever it seemed safe to do so. He then goes into much detail andRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 941 Words   |  4 Pages5 Febru ary 2015 Analysis Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   George Orwell’s  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Shooting an Elephant† is a story about the experience of the narrator who was asked to shoot a wild elephant. He was a police officer who worked for British imperialists and killing the elephant would help him receive good judgement from the villagers in Burma. Orwell says that imperialism is evil and should be eliminated while others think that it is good for the public. The purpose of Orwell’s story is to show the audience that imperialismRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Orwell Shooting An Elephant 1189 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant†: Effect of Imperialism in Burma Imperialism is a state of mind, fueled by the arrogance of superiority that could be adopted by any nation irrespective of its geographical location in the world. 1. Evidence of the existence of empires dates back to the dawn of written history in Egypt and in Mesopotamia, where local leaders extended their realms by conquering other states and holding them, when possible, in a state of subjection and semiRead More George Orwells Writing Essay examples899 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwells Writing George Orwell is best known for his fiction writing, particularly Animal Farm and 1984. In Shooting an Elephant he demonstrates his talent in non-fiction writing. Not everyone was familiar with the way in which the British Imperial rule worked and Orwell uses his rhetorical language to bring the readers of his essay into the immediate world that was that of an imperial officer. Orwell?s essay is written in the first person perspective. This was done deliberatelyRead MoreBritish Colonialism And British Imperialism1254 Words   |  6 Pages simply hinting at their disapproval while others went out of their way to make their voice heard and their opinion crystal clear. This style of writing, no matter how the author went about it, was known as postcolonialism. Both Joseph Conrad and George Orwell apply postcolonialism theories to their writings and through the careful use of language, express their disdain for British Imperialism. Conrad and Orwell both cleverly employ powerful diction to assert their views on British ImperialismRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Elephant 1034 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell began the essay with his perspective on British domination. He stated that it is evil and alongside of that it is oppressive. He felt hatred and guilt toward himself and the Burmese people. The people of Burma did not feel threatened because the narrator of the story had killed the elephant. The Burmese people have lost their dignity and integrity while trying to fight off the British imperialism. Orwell uses allegories to describe his experience of the British imperialism and he had

Visualising Alternate Futures of a City Free Essays

string(35) " mostly incognizant of their work\." The excitedly excessive secret plans of future, with air lanes clicking with winging vehicles and keen practical existences has ever struck a chord in our Black Marias. The appeal of these phantasmagoric scenarios have survived non merely in architecture, but elsewhere and largely so in films. It is through films that the uncommon feeling can be encountered with the most dynamic result. We will write a custom essay sample on Visualising Alternate Futures of a City or any similar topic only for you Order Now But what is it about these future landscapes set out by movie shapers that engages us so much? This can be best stated by what Nicolai Ouroussoff said in ‘Future Vision Banished to the Past ‘ diligently equaling the bulldozing of Nakagin Capsule Tower, â€Å" †¦ like all great edifices, it is the crystallisation of a far-reaching cultural ideal. Its being besides stands as a powerful reminder of waies non taken, of the possibility of universes shaped by different sets of values.† For pupils like me who are occupied in the perceptual experience and enquiry and architecture of infinites, and in the comprehension of people utilizing these infinites, I presume it to be sensible to state that we oft view these infinites from another’s position, but overlook their context and portraiture. We can state that metropoliss are touchable composings, but as Lefebvre ( 1974 ) comments, the societal building of metropoliss and topographic points is a critical component in how people see the environments that surround them. Representations of topographic points evoke the imagined every bit good as the existent ; Calvino ( 1974 ) in his Invisible Cities provinces, â€Å"The oculus does non see things, but images of things that mean other things.† The metropolis and its portraiture in film provide alone vantage points from which we can deconstruct public infinites in ways that long-established scientific disciplines do non let us. The metropolis is a character. Its history is romanticized. Its hereafter is fantasized. Its present signifier contains at one time a inactive record of its history and the dynamic elements which shape its hereafter. The character of a metropolis is determined by a synthesis between its physical construction and its societal skin color it evolves out of a duologue between the forces of past and present. It expands, keeping its ain signifier in memory while being thrust into an unsure hereafter. And now, to this noise of forces at work on the character of the metropolis comes a new voice. One which brings vision to the procedure of development: movie images and future environments. Architects and contrivers have traditionally focused attending on the present physical and societal demands of the urban environment. With the dynamic technological and societal alterations of the 19Thursdayand 20Thursdaycentury it became progressively necessary to gestate the hereafter of the metropolis beyond the incremental alterations which had characterized its historical development. While clearly a self-aware act of religion in the viability of the metropolis as a cultural establishment, future visions were besides an avowal of our possible to make the hereafter. We can foretell economic impacts and industrial end products, forecast population tendencies etc but statistics do non make a vision for the hereafter. The procedure of visualizing alternate hereafters of a metropolis is phenomenon specific to the 19Thursdayand 20Thursdaycenturies. The heritage of this modern-day signifier, born out of the extremist transmutations of the industrial revolution emerged in the mid-19Thursdaycentury as an intrinsic procedure in determining the signifier of the metropolis. Presented though a scope of formats- literature, pulling media and in movies, these visions created a agencies to help determination doing about the hereafter of the metropolis. These images represented theoretical, bad or even fanciful visions of what the metropolis could be. In the development of the pre-industrial metropolis, the hereafter was basically an extension of the yesteryear. In the 19Thursdaycentury, the hereafter of the metropolis took on an individuality of its ain which could be moulded by the visions of its society. For the first clip the urban environment was conceived as a moral force for without a unequivocal hereaf ter, its society jointly engaged in the procedure of its ain development. The demand for happening an appropriate hereafter of the metropolis became a procedure of contriving the hereafter of the metropolis. In 1939 New York Worlds Fair, inspired by the heroic poem them, â€Å"Building the World of Tomorrow† , presented an array of futuristic images and signifiers. The hereafter of the metropolis was detailed in the â€Å"Futurama† , a huge scale theoretical account of a typical urban Centre in the twelvemonth 1960. Produced by industrial interior decorator Norman Bel Geddes, this exhibition was to act upon a coevals of urban contrivers. The hereafter of a metropolis continues to a subject of literature and architectural rendition. Following traditions established modern-day visions while limited in public handiness, continue to propose their viability in determining our construct of the urban hereafter. Although supplying an of import function in our apprehension of the metropolis up to this really twenty-four hours, print media is inherently limited in its range and influence. Gesture images have the potency for rendering the hereafter in such a provocative new manner. Unique to this medium are three mechanisms which empower movie with an exceeding ability to convey thoughts. The first relates to the indispensable nature of the movie experience. While demanding of the spectator a suspension of incredulity, film creates a province of head which heightens the world of the clip and topographic point rendered in the movie. Although non a replacement for real-world experiences, the consequence of the movie is to capture the kernel of a narrative and render in a touchable context. By leting us to ‘live’ in the hereafter as if it already existed, movie provides an chance to measure the societal and physical effects of a peculiar vision. A 2nd property of film is handiness. Cinema is a democratic medium which invites engagement by a broad public audience. The visions of designers and other interior decorators working in print media communicate chiefly to other professionals go forthing the populace mostly incognizant of their work. You read "Visualising Alternate Futures of a City" in category "Essay examples" Third, the genre of scientific discipline fiction provides a format for non-traditional interior decorators to go on prosecuting in the procedure of visualising the hereafter of the metropolis. While artistic visions of the hereafter were popular in the 19Thursdaycentury, the consequence of their work began to worsen with the bend of the century. The projections of designers and other traditionally responsible for the signifier of the metropolis began to take clasp in the early portion of this century. While supplying a more rational mentality on the hereafter, these visions besides began to take the signifier of existent proposals for the metropolis. Within the kingdom of scientific discipline fiction film, managers, set interior decorators, industrial interior decorators and host of other ‘visual futurist’ could prosecute in suggesting alternate hereafter for the metropolis. In researching the impact of movie, it is of import to understand that visions of the hereafter in every medium are plants of fiction. In developing a model for the rendition of a narrative, movie creates a scene in clip and topographic point. Essential to our apprehension of the narrative, the physical environment of the movie typically organize a background to our events which are more meaningful. In movies which with future environments, the scene may go every bit of import as the events which occur within it. The coming of movie allowed society to research possible hereafters are placed in the class of Science fiction. Although a cinematic extension of traditional airy projections in other media, the genre of scientific discipline fiction movies have been misunderstood and delegated to the function of phantasy. The purpose of this survey is to research movies which focus on the physical and cultural facets of the metropolis. While in many instances films suggest progresss in scientific discipline and engineering, it is clearly non the primary motive within the context of the narrative. However they are categorized in the cinematic medium, specific sci-fi movies have had a voltaic consequence on our construct of urban hereafter. Blending constructs and images from disparate sources- traditional renditions of architecture and urban design, progresss in scientific discipline and engineering, art, literature and other medium from the 19Thursdaycentury, these movies created a vision which influenced the signifier of the metropolis in the 20Thursdaycentury. In following the nature of this influence, it is possible to associate constructs and images from specific movies straight to construct illustrations in the metropolis. For illustration, the perpendicular graduated table and fictile articulation of the interior infinites in the movieThingss to Come ( 1936 )is strikingly similar to atrium infinites of the hotel developed by the Hyatt corporation along the east seashore of United States of America. However, this attitude underestimates the productive consequence these movies have on our apprehension of the hereafter. The influence of these visions affected both the general populace and those professionals involved in the design of the metropolis. In organizing public outlooks about the hereafter, these movies provided a benchmark which professional interior decorators are obligated to react to. â€Å"As the mist began to clear† , wrote German manager Fritz Lang on his first visit to Manhattan in 1924, â€Å"a metropolis of huge proportions began to emerge. Filled with visible radiation and energy. The looming steeples of edifices pierced the clouds while everyplace people and machines raced about†¦Ã¢â‚¬  For Lang, the metropolis of New York became a symbol for the societal struggles built-in in a modern metropolis, and the inspiration for provocative urban vision he was subsequently to show in his movie. While there exists a scope of Science fiction movies which articulate the formal composing of the future metropolis in deepness, two illustrations possibly be singled out for the intelligence and influence of their vision, every bit good as the contrasting historical places which they occupy in the development of this of this genre of movie devising. Viewed together, the movies Metropolis ( 1927 ) and Blade Runner ( 1982 ) encompass virtually the full spectrum of cinematic visions of the metropolis. In these movies the metropolis emerges as an built-in character within the model of the narrative. It is the really nature of this character- both the strength of its physical scene and the peculiar relationship which the histrions have to this environment, which create a realistic context for conceive ofing the hereafter of a metropolis. The physical and societal urban environment which these two movies undertaking is at one time familiar and radically different. The kineticss generated by these enigmas gives the movies a 3-dimensional texture, a quality which moves the experience of the movie beyond the single images it represents. Fritz Lang’s vision of the metropolis inCitiesestablished film as the unequivocal medium for jointing the hereafter of the urban environment in the 20Thursdaycentury. The subject and ocular linguistic communication of the movie have influenced virtually every other movie on the topic to day of the month. The urban hereafter ofBlade Runner,a vision of Los Angeles in the twelvemonth 2019 is borrowing in subject and image fromMetropolis,the usage of engineering and modern-day production techniques setsBlade Runnerapart from other movies of its coevals. In developing an apprehension of the mechanisms which consequence alteration in the composing of the urban environment, it is clear that movies play an of import function in determining its hereafter. The demand for visualizing the hereafter, emerging out of the societal and technological transmutations of the industrial revolution, found an appropriate vehicle for look in the modern-day medium of scientific discipline fiction film. Bibliography Arnheim, Rudolf, Film as art, UoC Press, 1957 Banham, Reyner, Theory and Design in the First Machine Age, MIT Press, 1960. , Beck, Geogary. City in the image of scientific discipline fiction film, MIT Press, 1986 Ferriss, Hugh, The Metropolis of tomorrow, Oxford, 1929. Jensen, Paul, The Cinema of Fritz Lang, Barnes A ; Company, 1969 Tewdwr-Jones, Mark, Modern Planning on Film: Re-shaping Space, Image and Representation, 2013 How to cite Visualising Alternate Futures of a City, Essay examples

Organizational Growth and Developmentâ€Free Samples for Students

Questions: What are the different kinds of technological advancements that can affect organizational growth and development in a positive way? How exactly do the technology impact growth and development of business organizations? What developments can be made to make technology advancement more effective and efficient for positive impact on organizational growth and development? Answers: Introducation Information technology is basically the use of technological systems like computers and telecommunication systems to collect, analyze, store and share information. Therefore, it is the use modern technology to access and retrieve data (Ndesaulwa et al, 2017). Some of the information technology advance include aspects like: social media, internal systems advancement, accounting software packages improvement, telecommunication equipment, e-commerce, internet usage to name just but a few of them. Organizational growth and development refers to the improvement of a businesss daily activities or operations with the aim of achieving its goals and objectives. Generally, it is the advancement of the techniques used in performing the day to day organizational activities to achieve success (Luggen, 2014). Nowadays, a large number of business have adapted to the use of information technology devices or systems to perform their business operations. Every business has its own way of improving and increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of its business operations. However, the modern technology has proved to be a very fundamental tool for a number of business and especially the large, popular and famous business. The following are some of the ways in which business utilize the information technology advancement aspect: for marketing purposes (social media and internet itself), making online sales (social media), research purposes (internet), conducting market analysis (computer software packages), analyzing its financial status and position (accounting systems) among other things (Lfsten et al, 2016). Although these businesses have already grown and developed themselves in various fields, they still have the desire of expanding themselves as well as their products and services. Therefore, they tend to make great use of the technological advancement available to achieve that objective. Research has shown that the worlds information technology advancement has proved to be of great effect and has contributed a great deal towards business growth a nd development. Therefore, this research proposal will certainly be able to show how that happens and the level of change it has caused. Literature Review It is clear that information technology advancement is directly related to business growth and development. This is so simply because of the fact that many business currently are greatly depending on information technology to carry out their business operations. Actually, because of the frequent advancement and perfection aspect of the information technology, some business use it to conduct most of their operations rather than using the human power. For instance, the large developed businesses use the internet to do their marketing and most of the sales; i.e. online sales. Also, they depend on the internet information to carry out their market research and market position by comparing the information about their competitors and the market demand status (Wu et al, 2017). However, even with the fact that the advancement in information technology, some business have come to face some challenges which will also be discussed in this proposal. With that in mind, this proposal will be able to analyze both the positive and negative effects of information technology advancement towards organizational growth and development. Positive Effects Storage of data With current technology advancement, it has become much easier for businesses to store data in different places and devices. Before the technology improved, the storage of data in old computers was hectic and ineffective for effective business operations. Apparently, that was when the technology was actually obsolete, using obsolete devices like punched tape or tubes and using obsolete computers. However nowadays the technology advancement has come up with new improved computers with better storage devices. Currently the devices that are being used include the hard disk drives, CD-ROMs, computer RAMS and other electronic devices (Laeven et al, 2015). In these devices, more information can be stored and in better form. Therefore, with this devices, business organizations are able to store their data and be able to use it later simply because its effectiveness will still be available. Businesses can store information like its customer lists, financial statements, market analysis data, product features and secret product or service characteristics, employee lists, revenue reports and the accounting systems reports among other things. In addition to that, the businesses will be sure of the safety of the information because of the protection that is always installed on some of the devices. Therefore, through this, most businesses are able to perform their business operations even at a faster rate than before when they did not use the new technology. Effective and efficient communication process Technology advancement has contributed to the betterment of the communication process for businesses in different ways. Through the technology advancement, there has been the emergence of different communication methods e.g. though emails, Skype, mobile phones, whatsAp, LinkedIn to name a few of them. Indeed, the advancement in information technology advancement has enabled even text messaging and especially through the social media networks which is currently one of the most profoundly used methods of communication even in businesses. This shows that the communication process has certainly become easier, faster, effective and efficient. Many businesses are now in a position to communicate with their suppliers, management team, employees, potential employers, financiers, customers among others. The technology advancement has made it possible to communicate and share information even when the parties are extremely far apart like different countries or continents. Through this, busines s are able to conduct their operations effectively and efficiently hence success and objective achievement. Therefore, this is another positive effect that the technology advancement has caused towards business development and development. Increase employee and business productivity Technology improvement can cause a great impact when it comes to employee productivity and overall business productivity. The technology advancement certainly involved computer programs and software packages that are often used by employees to carry out their responsibilities. These two aspects are capable of enabling employees to operate more effectively and therefore processing more information than when done manually. Some business nowadays have also chosen the option of using more of the technology than the manual labor force to carry out some of their operations. By doing this, they reduce the costs of paying the manual labor force and instead expand the business by using technology instead. This is simply because with technology advancement, the businesses are able to be more productive than when using manual labor. Therefore, it is clear that technology advancement has caused this kind of effect to businesses and therefore leading to growth and development. Helps in market share increase Technology gives small businesses an opportunity to find and reach new economical markets i.e. helps them realize their potential in expanding and increasing their market share. In this case, advanced technology gives them the chance to reach out to new markets rather than selling their products or services in their local markets only (Spieth et al, 2014). Therefore, they are able to reach the regional, national and also the international markets. However, this is possible only when they are able to access better technology equipment or devices. Apparently, some of the most common ways of achieving such an objective is by creating a business website, social media profile, conduction online marketing operations, conducting internet advertisements and marketing to name a few. In addition to that, the business will be able to reach to a large number of its customers as well as attract new potential customers in large numbers. However, to do this, the businesses need improved technology with modern equipment. Therefore, if a business is able to do this, the chances of it growing and developing at a faster rate increases. Conducting research Technology has the capability of helping business conduct research on different aspects easily and perfectly. For instance, market research, market position of the business, competitive advantages of its competitors, external and internal aspects of the environment, new market trends and customer demand to name a few (Andersson et al, 2016). The technology advancement does this when businesses make use of effective internal systems and other technology equipment to do the research. When businesses conduct such researches they are able to plan their schedules and business operations to be able to improve those fields. Additionally, through research, the businesses will be able to outsource information from different businesses in different levels; e.g. regional, national or even international businesses which are certainly performing better (Soni, 2014). However, this mostly relates to businesses in the same industry. Apparently, some of the most common aspects that some businesses ou tsource information on are; technical support and customer service functions. Through outsourcing, the businesses are able reduce the costs of their production and also improve their production levels which is likely going to lead to objective achievement. Therefore, technology has currently become a fundamental aspect of most businesss growth and development objective. Negative Effects Bad business relations Increased advancement has led to bad business relations in some businesses. Apparently, some businesses conduct business meeting at certain times of the year. Due to the improvement in technology, most of them use the internet technology to carry out the meetings; i.e. through Skype, Chat rooms among others. This has led to bad relations because meeting can be held without all the parties being available in person. This means that there is no face to face interaction between the employees which is likely going to lead to negative relations. Creates destruction in the working place Apparently, most businesses have gotten used to technology usage to operate to the extent of making the employees addicted. For instance, the installation of the internet software in business will probably create destruction to most employees as they access the social media apps like the you tube, instagram, snapchat to name a few. This act is likely going to motivate the employer to install some measures to be able to monitor the employees (Spieth et al, 2014). However, by doing this, the employees will certainly feel mistrusted and disrespected which is going to reduce their working morale. At the end of it, the business losses and therefore failure. All of these aspects cause great disturbance to the employees while working. Research Relationship to Previous Research This research is related to the previous researches of its kind. Apparently, there are researches on the economic effects of technology improvement to business operations, impacts of technological improvement on employee performance as well as overall business performance, effects of technology advancement on strategic management techniques etc. all of these researches talk about how technology has affected the entire business operations and its performance. Therefore, it is realistic if this research finds out how the technology advancement has affected business growth and development in general. RESEARCH QUESTIONS A large number of businesses have used and still are using technology advancement to support their growth and development objective. However, different businesses use different technologies to be successful in their specific objective. Additionally, some business may choose to use the technology but not succeed due to certain problems. For this proposal, the following research questions will be able to help a business organizations to know and determine whether to use/or not to use technology advancement to support its growth and development objective. Additionally, the proposal will help businesses to know what kind of technological support it needs Hypothesis The main purpose of this report is to find out the effects of technological advancement towards organizational growth and development i.e. either negatively or positively. However, for this report, the hypothesis testing will be: Ho: There is no significant positive effect on technology advancement and organizational growth and development. H1: There is a significant positive effect of technological advancement and organizational growth and development. Research Aim And Significance The main aim of this report is to be able to effectively analyze the effects that are caused by technology advancement to businesses whenever they are used. The proposal discusses both the positive and the negative impacts of technology usage in businesses. However, to be specific, the results will only be based on the effects towards growth and development which is certainly one of the most things that most businesses desire to have or achieve. Therefore, it will be able to list different technologies used, their advancement and the impacts they are likely going to cause to business growth and development. In addition to that, the research will be able to show the extent to which the effects can affect the business operations as well. Own Contribution My contribution to this research will be to look for the information from the different sources that I can find. Additionally, because I am the researcher, I will also conduct the whole research process including collecting, analyzing and coming up with the conclusions and recommendations. Therefore, my contribution will certainly be availing the knowledge, skills and time that I have for the purpose of completing the research. Research Strategy And Techniques The research methodologies are the ways in which data is to be analyzed theoretically. Apparently, there are different kinds of researches (practical research and theoretical research) which use different techniques of analyzing the information. There are also different research methodologies which are classifies according to their researches, they include: Quantitative, qualitative, correlation or regression analysis and the Meta-Analysis methodologies. However, the research methodology, research questions, hypothesis and the research designs are all inter-related. This simply means that they go hand in hand to complement each other. Types Of Data Sources Primary Sources These sources will provide first-hand information and will be collected directly from the businesses that use technology to carry out their operations. Secondary Sources This will be collected from the journal publications, business financial records, employees and customer comments, business evaluation reports, auditors reports, specific software developing business among others. The information that will be researched from these sources will be used as a back-up system for the primary data collected. Research Approach The best sampling technique to use in this kind of research is the random sampling method. This is basically where a researcher has to pick a respondent from a certain group without choosing. This can be simply referred to as blind selection. Therefore, the researcher in this research will pick a business organization without having any favors for any one of them no matter what. This means that the researcher will not have any choice of the respondents. However, the only choice that the researcher will have is to include all the businesses that are using the improved technology nowadays for its production purposes and business operations improvements and those that are planning to use it in some days to come. Also, the researcher will have to consider those organizations that have used technology advancement in increasing their growth and development process and have succeeded. This method will be carried out in a way that the researcher will pick 10 businesses that use the modern an d improved technology and in their name list, select one business and jump the next. The selected businesses are the ones to be given the questionnaires to distribute to any respondent (either employee, internal systems experts, IT specialists etc.) for them to answer. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES In this research activity, I will use the questionnaires to collect the data needed. They will be distributed to the respondents who are literate and able to answer the questions in the required language. Additionally, the questionnaires will give a chance to illustrate and give responses with no specified limits. Apparently this will be of great help because the questions will be open questions not closed. This means that the respondents will be free to give their opinions and views in their own personal ways. However, to accompany the questionnaires, there will also be interviews to be conducted. This will used for the compensation of the questionnaire information and data collected. However, they will be used or conducted to some respondents eg the business management teams and the employees. This will help the researcher ask specific questions in order for him/her to get the specific answers they expect. Also, through the direct interview the respondents will be able to give thei r own side opinions on what they think about the effects of technological advancement on business growth and development. To be able to complete this research I will certainly use the qualitative and quantitative methods. They may both look like they are the same, but they are certainly very different which means they give different same results but through different processes. For instance, the qualitative method will cater for the unquantifiable research data while the quantitative will cater for the quantifiable one. This two methods will be able to give clear, simple and direct results of the research data because they will be able to analyze all the data aspects. They are the best suitable methods for this kind of research activity. Use of the Data Collected The data that will be collected is certainly the one that will be used to come up with the conclusions and recommendations. This will be derived from the results derived from the analysis. The data is surely the main research aspect that will help complete this research and therefore it is obviously a very fundamental and useful. Research Validity, Rigor, Reliability And Ethics This research is certainly valid because it will be of great help to a very large number of businesses that are using technology to support their growth and development objective as well as the businesses that are not yet using technology but would like to use it in their operations. The information in this research will obviously be reliable and effective in benefiting different businesses. This is because it will not cover one type of business, but different industries too. In addition to that, the researcher will follow all the research rules, regulations and ethics to carry out the research. Research Schedule/Timeline This is step by step process that used by every researcher when doing any research i.e. it is like a plan made for conducting a certain and specific research. It is very important that a researcher comes up with their research process to help make their work easier and simpler during the research. This certainly means that, for the research to be complete and successful, the researcher has no choice but follow the process. Generally the research process has to start with the activity that will be done being completely the first. Therefore, the activities should not be intertwined or cross over each other. Instead, they should follow each other accordingly to enhance research succession and less wastage of time and funds. Therefore, a research process always starts with the identification of the topic, conducting a literature review in details which will give the researcher a deeper understanding of the topic. Then comes the step whereby the research questions have to be formulated, the hypothesis done and the methodologies to be involved in the research chosen. The methodologies may contains things like the data sources, data collection methods and data analysis. By doing all these, the researcher will find it to do his/her research and will take less time and cost less because they will have a good plan on what to do at what time. Conclusion This research topic is a very important topic especially for businesses that would like to grow and develop themselves. The research will be able to avail information about the effects of technology advancement and usage to business growth and development. Therefore, many businesses will be able to get an idea of where some of their problems originate from. Also, other businesses will be able to know what to expect in case they decide to use modern technology to conduct business operations. References Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, 42-56. Laeven, L., Levine, R., Michalopoulos, S. (2015). Financial innovation and endogenous growth.Journal of Financial Intermediation,24(1), 1-24. Wright, M. (2014). Academic entrepreneurship, technology transfer and society: where next?.The journal of technology transfer,39(3), 322-334. Carayannis, E. G., Sindakis, S., Walter, C. (2015). Business model innovation as lever of organizational sustainability.The Journal of Technology Transfer,40(1), 85-104. Lfsten, H., Lfsten, H. (2016). Organizational capabilities and the long-term survival of new technology-based firms.European Business Review,28(3), 312-332. Stevens, G. C., Johnson, M. (2016). Integrating the Supply Chain 25 years on.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,46(1), 19-42. Yang, C. G., Trimi, S., Lee, S. G. (2016). Effects of telecom service providers strategic investments on business performance: A comparative study of US-Korea.Industrial Management Data Systems,116(5), 960-977. Kouame, K. J. A., Jiang, F., Feng, Y., Zhu, S. (2017). IMPLICATION OF NEW ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY IN MINING INDUSTRY AND ITS APPLICATION IN IVORY COAST, CHINA.International Journal,12(30), 35-40. Wu, L., Liu, H., Zhang, J. (2017). Bricolage effects on new-product development speed and creativity: The moderating role of technological turbulence.Journal of Business Research,70, 127-135. Ndesaulwa, A. P., Kikula, J. (2017). The Impact of Technology and Innovation (Technovation) in Developing Countries: A Review of Empirical Evidence.Journal of Business and Management Sciences,4(1), 7-11. Luggen, M. (2014). A concept for technology and innovation management in start-ups and new technology based firms (NTBF): PockeTM.Innovation,6(3), 458-467. Shugan, S. M. (2014). The impact of advancing technology on marketing and academic research. Adediran, O. A. (2012). Ethical marketing.International Journal of Marketing and Technology,2(4), 1. Dahlman, C. (2007). Technology, globalization, and international competitiveness: Challenges for developing countries.asdf, 29. Soni, D. (2014). International Competitiveness, Globalization and Technology for Developing Countries: Some Reflections from Previous Research.Singaporean journal of business economics, and management studies,2(9), 25-34. Andersson, U., Das, ., Mudambi, R., Pedersen, T. (2016). Technology, innovation and knowledge: The importance of ideas and international connectivity.Journal of World Business,51(1), 153-162. Kasemsap, K. (2016). Examining the roles of virtual team and information technology in global business.Strategic management and leadership for systems development in virtual spaces, 1-21. Zhang, C., Chun, X. (2016). The Effects of Technology Import on High-Tech Industrial Structure Upgrading in China.Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management,5(2), 551-558. Huang, L., Knight, A. P. (2017). Resources and relationships in entrepreneurship: an exchange theory of the development and effects of the entrepreneur-investor relationship.Academy of Management Review,42(1), 80-102. Malaquias, R. F., de Oliveira Malaquias, F. F., Hwang, Y. (2017). The role of information and communication technology for development in Brazil. Love, J. H., Roper, S. (2015). SME innovation, exporting and growth: a review of existing evidence.International Small Business Journal,33(1), 28-48. Baden-Fuller, C., Haefliger, S. (2013). Business models and technological innovation.Long range planning,46(6), 419-426. Spieth, P., Schneckenberg, D., Ricart, J. E. (2014). Business model innovationstate of the art and future challenges for the field.RD Management,